Tutorial 27 - Finding

When multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) systems were described in the mid-to-late 1990s by Gerard Foschini and others, [1] the astonishing bandwidth efficiency of such techniques seemed to be in violation of the Shannon limit. But, there is no violation because the diversity and signal processing employed with MIMO transforms a point-to-point single channel into multiple parallel or matrix channels, hence in effect multiplying the capacity. MIMO offers higher data rates as well as spectral efficiency. So clear is this advantage that many standards have already incorporated MIMO. ITU uses MIMO in the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSPDA), part of the UMTS standard. MIMO is also part of the 802.11n standard used by your wireless router as well as 802.16 for Mobile WiMax used by your cell phone. The LTE standard also incorporates MIMO.